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Table 4 Univariate and multiple logistic regression of frailty and indoor air pollution among the Indian population as per gender and age-group used in LASI/ Longitudinal Aging Study in India from 2017 to 2018

From: Association of frailty with indoor air pollution among older adults and elderly population as per gender and age group: insights from Longitudinal Aging Study in India (LASI-1st Wave)

Characteristics

Frailty

Univariate

Multiple

Crude odds ratio (95% Confidence interval)

p-value

Adjusted odds ratio (95% Confidence interval)

Model-1

p-value

Adjusted odds ratio (95% Confidence interval)

Model-2

p-value

Overall (± 45 years)a

 

Fuel type

Clean

Reference

-

Reference

-

Reference

-

 

Unclean/ Solid

1.14 (1.09–1.20)

< 0.001

1.09 (1.03–1.15)

0.004

1.09 (1.03–1.15)

0.004

 

Pollution generating source

Lower

Reference

-

Reference

-

Reference

-

 

Higher

1.09 (1.04–1.14)

< 0.001

1.06 (1.01–1.13)

0.034

1.06 (1.01–1.12)

0.036

 

Vulnerable ventilation

No

Reference

-

Reference

-

Reference

-

 

Yes

1.18 (1.11–1.25)

< 0.001

1.14 (1.07–1.22)

< 0.001

1.14 (1.07–1.22)

< 0.001

 

Household

Indoor Smoking

No

Reference

-

Reference

-

Reference

-

 

Yes

0.99 (0.93–1.04)

0.608

1.03 (0.97–1.09)

0.285

1.04 (0.98–1.10)

0.188

 

IAP

Unexposed

Reference

-

Reference

-

Reference

-

 

Exposed

1.12 (1.07–1.17)

< 0.001

1.09 (1.03–1.15)

0.001

1.10 (1.04–1.16)

0.001

 

As per genderb

 

Male

 

Fuel type

Clean

Reference

-

Reference

-

Reference

-

 

Unclean/ Solid

1.25 (1.16–1.34)

< 0.001

1.17 (1.07–1.28)

0.001

1.17 (1.07–1.28)

0.001

 

Pollution generating source

Lower

Reference

-

Reference

-

Reference

-

 

Higher

1.17 (1.09–1.25)

< 0.001

1.11 (1.01–1.21)

0.026

1.11 (1.01–1.22)

0.024

 

Vulnerable ventilation

No

Reference

-

Reference

-

Reference

-

 

Yes

1.21 (1.10–1.33)

< 0.001

1.18 (1.06–1.30)

0.001

1.18 (1.06–1.30)

0.002

 

Household

Indoor Smoking

No

Reference

-

Reference

-

Reference

-

 

Yes

1.11 (1.03–1.20)

0.010

1.07 (0.98–1.17)

0.109

1.10 (1.01–1.20)

0.031

 

IAP

Unexposed

Reference

-

Reference

-

Reference

-

 

Exposed

1.25 (1.16–1.34)

< 0.001

1.16 (1.07–1.27)

0.001

1.18 (1.08–1.28)

< 0.001

 

Female

 

Fuel type

Clean

Reference

-

Reference

-

Reference

-

 

Unclean/ Solid

1.07 (1.01–1.14)

0.022

1.03 (0.95–1.11)

0.465

1.04 (0.95–1.11)

0.503

 

Pollution generating source

Lower

Reference

-

Reference

-

Reference

-

 

Higher

1.04 (0.98–1.11)

0.156

1.03 (0.96–1.11)

0.421

1.03 (0.95–1.11)

0.479

 

Vulnerable ventilation

No

Reference

-

Reference

-

Reference

-

 

Yes

1.16 (1.07–1.26)

< 0.001

1.12 (1.03–1.21)

0.010

1.12 (1.02–1.21)

0.009

 

Household

Indoor Smoking

No

Reference

-

Reference

-

Reference

-

 

Yes

0.94 (0.88–1.01)

0.085

1.00 (0.93–1.09)

0.951

1.00 (0.93–1.08)

0.985

 

IAP

Unexposed

Reference

-

Reference

-

Reference

-

 

Exposed

1.05 (0.99–1.12)

0.086

1.05 (0.98–1.12)

0.191

1.04 (0.97–1.12)

0.219

 

As per age groupc

 

45–59 years

 

Fuel type

Clean

Reference

-

Reference

-

Reference

-

 

Unclean/ Solid

1.04 (0.94–1.14)

0.473

1.04 (0.93–1.16)

0.517

1.04 (0.93–1.16)

0.516

 

Pollution generating source

Lower

Reference

-

Reference

-

Reference

-

 

Higher

0.96 (0.88–1.06)

0.378

0.96 (0.86–1.07)

0.445

0.96 (0.86–1.07)

0.446

 

Vulnerable ventilation

No

Reference

-

Reference

-

Reference

-

 

Yes

1.27 (1.13–1.42)

< 0.001

1.22 (1.09–1.37)

0.001

1.22 (1.09–1.37)

0.001

 

Household

Indoor Smoking

No

Reference

-

Reference

-

Reference

-

 

Yes

1.07 (0.96–1.18)

0.216

1.04 (0.94–1.15)

0.495

1.04 (0.94–1.15)

0.458

 

IAP

Unexposed

Reference

-

Reference

-

Reference

-

 

Exposed

1.07 (0.98–1.17)

0.144

1.05 (0.95–1.16)

0.338

1.05 (0.95–1.16)

0.316

 

± 60 years

 

Fuel type

Clean

Reference

-

Reference

-

Reference

-

 

Unclean/ Solid

1.12 (1.05–1.18)

< 0.001

1.11 (1.04–1.19)

0.002

1.11 (1.03–1.19)

0.002

 

Pollution generating source

Lower

Reference

-

Reference

-

Reference

-

 

Higher

1.11 (1.05–1.18)

< 0.001

1.11 (1.04–1.19)

0.002

1.11 (1.04–1.19)

0.002

 

Vulnerable ventilation

No

Reference

-

Reference

-

Reference

-

 

Yes

1.13 (1.05–1.21)

0.002

1.11 (1.03–1.20)

0.007

1.11 (1.03–1.20)

0.007

 

Household

Indoor Smoking

No

Reference

-

Reference

-

Reference

-

 

Yes

1.01 (0.94–1.08)

0.718

1.03 (0.96–1.10)

0.383

1.04 (0.97–1.11)

0.255

 

IAP

Unexposed

Reference

-

Reference

-

Reference

-

 

Exposed

1.11 (1.05–1.18)

< 0.001

1.11 (1.05–1.18)

0.001

1.12 (1.05–1.19)

0.001

 
  1. Model 1-Adjusted (if individual univariate p-value < 0.20) for age, gender, education, residence, mpce quintile, health insurance and occupation. [a) = all, b) all except gender, c) all except age]
  2. Model 2- Model 1 + tobacco and alcohol abuse
  3. Classification accuracy = a) 84.47%, b) 82.07%, c) 74.56%
  4. Pseudo R2 = a) 0.117, b) 0.102, c) 0.031
  5. IAP = Indoor Air Pollution
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